What questions are asked by managers of pharmaceutical companies of their quality assurance people?

 1. What quality assurance procedures does your company have in place?

2. How do you ensure that your products meet quality standards?

3. What are your procedures for investigating quality issues?

4. What quality metrics do you track?

5. How does your company handle non-conforming products?

6. What corrective and preventative actions have you taken in response to quality issues?

7. What trends are you seeing in your quality data?

8. How has your quality management system evolved over time?

9. What challenges do you face in maintaining quality standards?

10. What role do quality assurance personnel play in your company's operations?

Full Form of API in Pharma Industry

FULL FORM OF API

What is the full form of API in pharma industry?

• Answer:
• Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

API is the central ingredient or the main ingredient used in medicines or pharmaceutical products. Substance other than API are called excipients. In simple words we can say that API is the chemical used in medicine which causes direct effect on the disease.

Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibacterial

The Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibacterial: Let us check it out difference between antibiotics and antibacterial, to know more about Antibiotics and Antibacterial.

Difference Between: Antibiotics

1. Antibiotics is the broad term, broader range of antimicrobial compounds which acts on bacteria, fungi and other compounds.
2. Certain Antibiotics may also kills bacteria, Fungi and other parasites.
3. Antibiotics is a chemical substance which kills and prevents the growth of the microorganisms by affecting the cell wall and cell structure of bacteria or fungi.

Difference Between: Antibacterial

1. Antibacterial is a types of antibiotics. 
2. Chemical substances or anything that kills bacteria or prevents the growth of bacteria can be considered as antibacterial.
3. All antibacterials are antibiotics but not all antibiotics are antibacterials.

Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibodies

Overview of the Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibodies. Let us find out difference between antibiotics and antibodies to know more about Antibody and Antibiotic.

Difference Between: Antibiotic

1. The chemical structure of antibiotic is different from antibody or antibodies.
2. Antibiotics are either synthetic or  produced from plants or other microorganisms,  and they are purified to prevent infection caused by bacteria.
3. Antibiotic attacks the cell wall and prevents the cellular functions of the bacteria.
4. Antibiotic are like medicines that kills other bad cells in the body.
5. Example ampicillin, penicillin.

Difference Between: Antibodies

1. The chemical structure of antibodies of antibody is made up op two large protein chains called heavy chains and two small protein chains called light chains which are bound to each other.
2. Antibodies are produced naturally by an immune system in the body.
3. Antibodies binds with the antigen found on the pathogens and prevent infection.
4. Antibodies are like cells that kills other bad cells in the body.
5. Example IgA, IgG etc
6. Antibodies are also knows as Immunoglobulins.
7. Antibodies are produced from white blood cells.

These are some of the points on Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibodies.

Difference Between Antibiotics and Antiseptics

Overview of Difference Between Antibiotics and Antiseptics. Let us check it out difference between antibiotics and antiseptics to know more about Antibiotics and Antiseptics.

Difference between: Antibiotics

1. Antibiotics are the chemical substances which prevent growth and development of microorganisms by killing them.
2. Antibiotics are effective only against bacteria.
3. Antibiotics may be applied internally as well as externally.
4. During surgical procedure to prevent infections, antibiotics are usually applied.
5. Examples of antibiotics: penicillin, neomycin, streptomycin etc.

Difference Between: Antiseptics

1. Antiseptics also prevents the growth and development of microorganisms but not necessarily kills them.
2. Antiseptics are effective against wide range of microorganisms.
3. Antiseptics are applied externally.
4. Antiseptics are generally applied on skin and wound surface for cleaning purpose and prevents further growth of microorganisms. 
5. Examples of antiseptics: Hydrogen Peroxide, Alcohol etc.,

These are some of the points on difference between antibiotics and antiseptic.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTOMETRY IN CHEMISTRY

Conductometry: Let us discuss advantages and disadvantages of Conductometry. This method is also called as conductometric titration method. Types, mobility, concentration of ions and temperature affects the electrochemical conductivity

Some of the advantages of conductometry are as follows:

1. In this method as coductance  is measured by conductivity meter , indicator is not required.
2. Conductometric titration works for coloured solution.
3. Accurate results can be obtained by conductometry.
4. It is suitable for both weak base as well as weak acid.
5. This method is also suitable for turbid solution.

Some of the disadvantages of conductometry are as follows:

1. Sometimes the salt level increases in the solution which masks the conductivity and do not gives accurate result.
2. Sometimes high concentration of ions masks the conductivity and hence do not give accurate results.

Applications of Conductometry

Some applications of conductometry are discussed here, conductometry in analytical chemistry is used to measure the progress of chemical reactions. Conductometric titration is carried out in order to measure the  electrical conductivity of the reaction mixture. This type of titration gives a sharp end point for the colored solution.

• This type of titration is used to check water pollution in lakes as well as rivers.
• It is also used to check the alkalinity of the fresh water
• Salinity of the sea water can also be checked by this method.
• It is also used to trace antibiotics.
• Used for tracing microorganism in food microbiology
• To check the solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
• Purity of distilled water and de ionised water can determined.