Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy

Basic principle of FTIR Spectroscopy are as follows:-

• FTIR spectroscopy is used to identify the functional group which is present in certain molecules.
• FTIR is one of the widely used method which is also know as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
• In this method of infrared spectroscopy , radiation (Infra red) is passed through the sample.
• Some of the radiation is absorbed by the sample while some of the radiation is transmitted.
• Now spectrum which is produced , represents molecular transmission and molecular absorption creating molecular fingerprint of a sample.
• The fingerprint region is unique for also samples, no two samples have same fingerprint region.
• The fingerprint region shows different absorption peaks with different vibration frequency between bonds of an atoms in the sample.
• Hence with this property unique molecule can be identified.

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Recommended Articles : Advantages and disadvantages of FTIR 

Some more information about: What is FTIR    

Advantages and Disadvantages of FTIR Spectroscopy

Advantages of FTIR are:-

• FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is highly sensitive and quick method to achieve high quality spectrum.
• This spectroscopy gives better signal to noise ratio compared to the dispersive instrument.
• With FTIR, spectrum can be obtained very quickly and saves time.
• Gases, solids as well as liquid can be analysed with FTIR.
• By using FTIR no external calibration is required and gives accurate results.
• FTIR is non-destructive technique.
• Organic compounds and Inorganic compounds can be identified easily using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
• Mechanical breakdown is less compared to other instruments because the mirror which is attached in the interferometer is the only moving part in FTIR.
• Simultaneous analysis can be done for multiple gaseous compounds.
• FTIR can identify even small concentrations of contaminants.
• FTIR has a laser beam which keeps the FTIR instrument accurately calibrated.
• It generally completes a scans within 1 to 2 seconds.
• High resolution.

Disadvantages of FTIR are:-

• FTIR instrument have only single beam while , dispersive instrument generally have a double beam.

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Recommended article: What is FTIR

Some Uses of chromatography in Industries

Let us see some of the Uses of Chromatography in Different industries. There are different types of chromatographic methods which are used to separate  and identify the components present in a mixture. Chromatography methods such High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Thin layer chromatography, Paper Chromatography, Liquid chromatography, Solid Chromatography and Gas chromatography. The list of the uses of chromatography are as follows:

Some of the uses of chromatography in different industries are:-

1. Chromatography is used in pharmaceutical industries to identify and separate drug products at various stages.
2. Chromatography is used in food industry to identify additives present in the food product.
3. In petroleum and petrochemical industries chromatography is also used.
4. Chromatography is used to identify fats, oils, vitamins, steroids and alkaloids.
5. Chromatography is used to identify pesticides and fungicides.
6. It can also be used in cosmetic industry.
7. Chromatography is used to identify radioactive isotopes.
8. Chromatography is used to identify toxins present in environment.

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• High performance liquid chromatography
• Different uses of chromatography

What are uses of chromatography in crime investigation

There are many uses of chromatography in crime investigation so let us check it out one by one. As we know that chromatography is the method of separation of components from a mixture based on the chemical properties, the samples which are collected at the spot of crime are sent to forensic department , and are detected using chromatography technique which directly or indirectly helps to find the person who has committed crime. So let us check it out some of the uses of chromatography which are as follows.

Uses of chromatography in crime investigation are:-

1. Blood sample can be detected by using chromatography.
2. Chemical sample which is found at the crime spot can also be identified  by the use of chromatography.
3. Sample mixture of gas as well as liquid or solid can by identified by various methods such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, solid chromatography or thin layer chromatography.
4. Forensic department takes item from the seen and by use of chromatography they match the DNA in records and if matched then criminal can be identified.

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• Thin layer Chromatography
• Different uses of chromatography
• Gas chromatography

What are USES of Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Industry?

There are many uses of chromatography in pharmaceutical industries, As we know that chromatography is a method used to separate various components present in a mixture based on the chemical properties of a mixture. Various types of chromatography are used in pharmaceutical industry such as Gas chromatography (GC), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Thin layer chromatography and solid chromataography. There are many advance chromatographic methods in pharma industry such as combination solid liquid chromatography, liquid liquid chromatography, head space analyzer and so on. So let us check it out some of the uses of chromatography in pharma industry one by one.

Uses of chromatography in pharmaceutical industry are:-

1. Chromatography is used in research and development in preparing medicine.
2. Chromatography is used in analytical laboratory.
3. Different chromatography methods such as HPLC, GC are used in various stages in drug production in pharma industry.
4. Quality control and R&D department uses chromatography methods.
5. During new drug molecule development chromatography is used.
6. During testing of various chemicals on animals chromatography is used.

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• Different uses of chromatography
• High performance liquid chromatography
• Column Chromatography

DIFFERENT USES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

Uses of Chromatography are listed here, So before going into detail let us check it out  principle of chromatography. The main use of chromatography  is to separate and to identify the components present in the mixture. There are different types of chromatography such as gas chromatography, paper chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas liquid chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. There are two phases in all types of chromatography, one is stationary phase and other is mobile phase. Now chromatography works on the principle of partition, here the compounds with high affinity with mobile phase will travel further and separated first. There are many uses of chromatography in our day to day life , so let us check  it out one by one.

Some of the uses of chromatography are:-

1. Chromatography is used in medicine.
2. Use of the chromatography in analytical laboratory.
3. Use of chromatography in pharmaceutical industry.
4. Chromatography is also used in food industry.
5. Out of many uses of chromatography it is also used in forensic science.
6. Chromatography is also used in daily life or everyday life.
7. Chromatography  is used in crime investigations.
8. Alcohol level  in patient can also be detected using chromatography in hospitals.
9. Some environmental agencies also uses chromatography in detecting pollutants.
10. Chromatography is also used to purify water.
11. In food industry chromatography is used to identify additives.
12. In pharmaceutical industry at various stages drugs which are made are checked by different chromatography methods.
13. Oils, fats, vitamins, alkaloids, steroids are identified with the help  of chromatography.
14. Blood samples are checked with the help of chromatography.
15. Chromatography also plays an important role in cosmetic industry.
16. Pesticides and fungicides are also checked by chromatography.

Some of the related questions are also explained such as , What are uses of chromatography in crime investigation or forensic science , or What are Uses of Chromatography in pharmaceutical industry as well as Some of the uses of chromatography in industries, So find out other articles on this blog.

4 Different types of Dissolution Apparatus As Per USP

Let us see some of the types of dissolution apparatus as per USP. But before knowing that let us check it out what is dissolution apparatus. It is used to test dissolution profile of drugs in pharmaceutical industry, drug release profile of oral solid dosage form such as capsules, tablets etc which  is generally checked for quality control and to assess batch to batch consistency.There are four different types of dissolution apparatus as per USP which are as follows.

Four different types of dissolution apparatus as per USP are as follows:-

1. Basket type - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 1
2. Paddle type - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 2
3. Reciprocating Cylinder - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 3
4. Flow Through Cell - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 4

These are the four main types of dissolution apparatus as per USP among all type 2 is widely used. TO know other types of dissolution apparatus such as per USP, IP, BP etc please visit other articles on Dissolution apparatus.