IQ OQ PQ Full Form - Installation Qualification, Operational Qualification Performance Qualification

IQ stands for installation qualification, OQ for operational qualification, and PQ for performance qualification. IQ OQ PQ are three sequential activities that manufacturers carry out to validate their manufacturing processes. IQ ensures that equipment is installed correctly, OQ ensures that equipment operates as expected, and PQ ensures that equipment meets performance requirements.

Advantages and Disadvantages of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HPTLC

 Some advantages and disadvantages of high performance thin layer chromatography are discussed below. So let us check it out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about HPTLC.

Some advantages of HPTLC are :

1. HPTLC has high resolution and sensitivity in detection.
2. High separation efficiency of components.
3. Can detect trace amounts of compounds.
4. Visualization can be performed without staining.
5. Can analyze multiple samples simultaneously.
6. High resolution of complex mixtures.
7. Minimal sample preparation required.
8. Rapid analysis compared to traditional chromatography.
9. Quantitative and qualitative analysis can be performed.
10. Minimal use of solvents and reagents.

Some disadvantages of HPTLC are :

1. HPTLC is relatively expensive compared to traditional TLC.
2. Requires specialized equipment and materials.
3. Higher cost of HPTLC plates.
4. High purity solvents are needed.
5. More complex stationary phase.
6. Quality control and testing add to costs.
7. Skilled technicians are required for optimal results.
8. Maintenance and calibration of equipment add to costs.
9. Costly software and data analysis tools are needed.
10. Need for high-quality standards and reference materials.
11. Cost of training and education for technicians.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Affinity Chromatography

 Some advantages and disadvantages of Affinity Chromatography are discussed below. So let us check it out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about Affinity chromatography.

Some advantages of affinity chromatography are :

1. Affinity chromatography offers high specificity and selectivity.
2. High binding specificity to target molecule.
3. Low nonspecific binding to other molecules.
4. Minimal sample preparation required.
5. No harsh conditions involved.
6. Resins can be reused.
7. Works with a variety of molecule types.
8. Fast purification process.
9. Minimal protein damage.
10. High purity of target molecule.
11. High yields of purified product.

Some disadvantages of affinity chromatography are :

1. Affinity chromatography can be expensive due to the cost of resins.
2. High manufacturing costs of resins.
3. Limited availability of resins.
4. Resins may require customization for specific targets.
5. Resins can be sensitive to storage conditions.
6. Custom resins can take time to develop.
7. Resins can have batch-to-batch variability in quality.
8. Resin cost can be a significant portion of purification expenses.
9. Large-scale purification requires large quantities of resins.
10. Resin costs can make affinity chromatography less accessible.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ion Pair Chromatography

Some advantages and disadvantages of Ion Pair Chromatography are discussed below. So let us check it out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about Ion Pair chromatography.

Some Advantages of Ion Pair Chromatography are :

1. Ion pair chromatography Improves resolution of complex mixtures.
2. Separates complex mixtures with high resolution.
3. Enhances detection of small molecules.
4. Allows separation of isomers.
5. Suitable for charged and polar compounds.
6. Allows efficient analysis of amino acids and peptides.
7. Requires minimal sample preparation.
8. Can be used for preparative applications.
9. Enhances sensitivity of detection.
10. Provides good reproducibility of results.
11. Can be coupled with mass spectrometry for identification.

Some Disadvantages of Ion Pair Chromatograph are :

1. Ion pair chromatography has High cost of ion pair reagents and equipment.
2. Specialized reagents are expensive.
3. It requires a high level of expertise to operate.
4. The method is time-consuming.
5. The reagents may be toxic or hazardous.
6. It may be difficult to optimize the separation conditions.
7. Sensitivity can be limited in some cases.
8. There may be a risk of column degradation.
9. It may not be suitable for all types of samples.
10. The ion-pairing reagents may interfere with downstream applications.
11. There may be compatibility issues with certain detectors.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Reverse Phase Chromatography

Some advantages and disadvantages of reverse phase chromatography are discussed below. So let us check out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about reverse phase chromatography.

Some Advantages of Reverse Phase Chromatograph are :

1. Reverse phase chromatography has High sensitivity and selectivity in detection.
2. Separates compounds based on hydrophobicity.
3. High sensitivity due to strong interaction.
4. Selectivity in detection of specific analytes.
5. Can detect trace amounts of target molecules.
6. Fast and efficient separation method.
7. It is compatible with a most of the solvents.
8. Can be easily scaled up for larger samples.
9. Minimal sample preparation required.
10. High reproducibility of results.
11. Cost-effective technique for analytical purposes.

Some Disadvantages of Reverse Phase Chromatograph are :

1. Reverse phase chromatography has high cost of equipment and consumables.
2. Expensive stationary phase materials.
3. Specialized equipment required.
4. High cost of solvents and additives.
5. Consumables need frequent replacement.
6. Skilled personnel required for operation.
7. Limited compatibility with certain solvents.
8. Longer analysis times compared to other methods.
9. Poor resolution for some compounds.
10. Potential for column fouling and degradation.
11. Limitations on sample size and injection volume.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Gas Liquid Chromatography GLC

Some advantages and disadvantages of gas liquid chromatography are discussed below. So let us check out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about gas liquid chromatography.

Some Advantages of Gas Liquid Chromatography GLC are :

1. Gas liquid chromatography offers high sensitivity, precision and resolving power for analyzing a wide range of analytes.
2. Detects trace amounts of analytes with high sensitivity.
3. Excellent resolving power for complex mixtures.
4. Accurate and precise quantitative analysis.
5. Wide range of analytes can be analyzed.
6. High speed of analysis.
7. Capable of identifying and quantifying volatile compounds.
8. Minimal sample preparation required.
9. High reproducibility and precision of results.
10. Can be coupled with mass spectrometry for identification.
11. Non-destructive analysis for sample preservation.

Some Disadvantages of Gas Liquid Chromatography GLC are :

1. Gas liquid chromatography is Limited to volatile and semi-volatile compounds.
2. Compounds must be thermally stable and volatile.
3. Non-volatile compounds are not detected.
4. High boiling point compounds not easily separated.
5. Limited application to non-polar and semi-polar compounds.
6. Can't separate large molecules such as proteins.
7. Possibility of column overload with complex samples.
8. Sensitivity to impurities in the sample matrix.
9. Column stationary phase can degrade over time.
10. Solvents and reagents can cause column damage.
11. Limited use for chiral separations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Thin Layer Chromatography TLC

 Some advantages and disadvantages of thin layer chromatography are discussed below. So let us check out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about thin layer chromatography.

Some Advantages of Thin Layer Chromatography TLC are:

1. Thin Layer chromatography is a rapid analysis method for complex mixtures.
2. Minimal sample preparation.
3. It has high separation efficiency.
4. Low solvent consumption in thin layer chromatography.
5. It requires small sample volumes.
6. Cost effective method.
7. Instrumentation is simple.
8. Useful for wide range of applications.
9. It is compatible with various detection methods.
10. TLC is easy to perform and interpret. 

Some Disadvantages of Thin Layer Chromatography TLC are:

1. Thin layer chromatography has limited sample capacity.
2. It has low resolution compared to other methods.
3. It has limited reproducibility.
4. TLC has limited sensitivity for some compounds. 
5. Trained person is required to operate.
6. High cost of stationary phase.
7. Limited selectivity for certain analytes.
8. TLC may require multiple development solvents. 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Column Chromatography

 Some advantages and disadvantages of column chromatography are discussed below. So let us find out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about column chromatography.

Advantages of Column Chromatography are:

1. Column chromatography enhances detection of compounds.
2. Column chromatography enables trace analysis.
3. Increases signal to noise ratio
4. It also detects low concentration.
5. Column chromatography improves analytical accuracy.
6. It is best suitable various detection methods.
7. Column chromatography optimizes sensitivity easily.
8. It separates closely related compounds.
9. Enables detection of impurities.

Disadvantages of Column Chromatography are:

1. Column chromatography equipment is expensive. 
2. Costly consumables.
3. The operating cost is high.
4. Column chromatography requires specialized training.
5. It is time consuming process.
6. It is labor intensive technique.
7. Difficult to automate.
8. Requires significate sample for analysis. 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Paper Chromatography

Some advantages and disadvantages of paper chromatography are discussed below. So let us check it out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about paper chromatography.

Some advantages of Paper Chromatography are:

1. Paper Chromatography is simple, inexpensive and senstive method.
2. Minimal equipment required during paper chromatography.
3. Low cost materials are used during paper chromatography.
4. No specialized training needed.'
5. Small sample sizes.
6. Easy to scale up.
7. Paper chromatography gives quick results.
8. Efficient method of separation.
9. Versatile applications.
10. Widely available components. 

Some disadvantages of Paper Chromatography are:

1. Paper chromatography cannot handle large quantity of sample.
2. Paper chromatography has limited sample capacity.
3. It has long separaton time compared to other methods.
4. Low resolution for complex mixtures.
5. Difficult to maintain uniformity in paper chromatography.
6. Saturation of paper.
7. Large equipment needed for scalability.
8. It is expensive to upscale.

Advantages and Disadvantages of HPLC

 Some advantages and disadvantages of high performance liquid chromatography are discussed below. So let us check it its advantages and disadvantages to know more about HPLC.

Some advantages of HPLC chromatography:

1. HPLC has high resolution and speed of analysis.
2. High surface area.
3. It has high pressure gradient.
4. It has wide range of stationary phases.
5. Precise flow rate control.
6. Senstive detection methods.
7. Low sample method requirement.
8. Accurate peak identification using HPLC. 

Some disadvantages of HPLC chromatography

1. HPLC has high cost.
2. High quality components are needed.
3. The solvents and columns used in HPLC are expensive. 
4. Regular maintenance and calibration is needed which add extra cost.  
5. Sophisticated software is required for data analysis.
6. Research and development cost.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chromatography

 Some advantages and disadvantages of chromatography are discussed below. So let us check out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about chromatography.

Some Advantages of Chromatography are:

1. Chromatography can separate complex mixtures with great precision.
2. High resolution and sensitivity.
3. It can handle small sample sizes.
4. Fast analysis method.
5. It separate compounds based on their chemical properties. 
6. Different compound moves at different speeds. 
7. It is suitable for a wide range of compounds. 
8. Chromatography can separate isomers and enantiomers.
9. It allows easy quantification.
10. Chromatography is versatile and adaptable to different needs.

Some Disadvantages of Chromatography are:

1. Chromatography method is expensive. 
2. Costly materials and equipments are used.
3. It requires skilled personnel and maintenance.
4. Chromatography needs specific conditions and environments.
5. Initial investment can be high. 
6. Chromatography continuously needs solvents and gases.
7. High energy consumtion during chromatography analysis.
8. Analysis can sometimes be time consuming.
9. Multiple runs may be necessary.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Gas Chromatography (GC)

 Some advantages and disadvantages of Gas Chromatography are discussed below. So let us check it out its advantages and disadvantages to know more about gas chromatography.

Advantages of Gas Chromatography GC are:

1. Gas chromatography has high resolution power compared to other methods.
2. GC has high sensitivity.
3. High peak capacity.
4. Gas chromatography has high accuracy and precision.
5. It can separate complex mixtures.
6. It is used to resolve closely related compounds.
7. Small sample volume can be separated using gas chromatography.
8. Quantitative analysis is possible using GC.
9. GC can be coupled with mass spectrometry.

Disadvantages of Gas Chromatography GC are:

1. Gas chromatography is limited to volatile compounds.
2. Non-volatile compounds don't vaporize.
3. Analyte can decompose at high temperature.
4. Analyte can also react with stationary phase.
5. It is limited to low to medium molecular weight.
6. It is incompatible with aqueous samples.
7. Thermal stability is required during separation through gas chromatography.
8. It is not suitable for high-boiling compounds.
9. It is not sutable for polar analytes. 

How could thin layer chromatography be used to aid in the identification of a compound?

 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate and identify components of a mixture. It is commonly used in organic chemistry to identify unknown compounds. In TLC, a stationary phase (such as a glass or plastic plate) is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. When the mixture is applied to the plate, the different components of the mixture separate based on their relative affinities for the stationary phase. By comparing the positions of the components on the plate to standards, it is possible to identify the components in the mixture.

Why did the liposomes fluoresce during size-exclusion chromatography?

Liposomes fluoresce during size-exclusion chromatography because they contain fluorescent compounds. These fluorescent compounds are often incorporated into the liposomes during the manufacturing process in order to provide a way to track the size of the liposomes as they pass through the chromatography column. The fluorescent compounds can be detected by a detector, which then provides information about the size of the liposomes. 

What is the role of producer top management and QAS towards quality assurance in BRD?

 The role of producer top management and QAS towards quality assurance in BRD is to establish a clear quality assurance policy and objectives. They should also ensure that adequate resources are allocated to quality assurance activities and that these activities are carried out in a systematic and planned manner. Furthermore, they should monitor the effectiveness of quality assurance activities and take corrective action where necessary.

What questions are asked by managers of pharmaceutical companies of their quality assurance people?

 1. What quality assurance procedures does your company have in place?

2. How do you ensure that your products meet quality standards?

3. What are your procedures for investigating quality issues?

4. What quality metrics do you track?

5. How does your company handle non-conforming products?

6. What corrective and preventative actions have you taken in response to quality issues?

7. What trends are you seeing in your quality data?

8. How has your quality management system evolved over time?

9. What challenges do you face in maintaining quality standards?

10. What role do quality assurance personnel play in your company's operations?

Full Form of API in Pharma Industry

FULL FORM OF API

What is the full form of API in pharma industry?

• Answer:
• Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

API is the central ingredient or the main ingredient used in medicines or pharmaceutical products. Substance other than API are called excipients. In simple words we can say that API is the chemical used in medicine which causes direct effect on the disease.

Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibacterial

The Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibacterial: Let us check it out difference between antibiotics and antibacterial, to know more about Antibiotics and Antibacterial.

Difference Between: Antibiotics

1. Antibiotics is the broad term, broader range of antimicrobial compounds which acts on bacteria, fungi and other compounds.
2. Certain Antibiotics may also kills bacteria, Fungi and other parasites.
3. Antibiotics is a chemical substance which kills and prevents the growth of the microorganisms by affecting the cell wall and cell structure of bacteria or fungi.

Difference Between: Antibacterial

1. Antibacterial is a types of antibiotics. 
2. Chemical substances or anything that kills bacteria or prevents the growth of bacteria can be considered as antibacterial.
3. All antibacterials are antibiotics but not all antibiotics are antibacterials.

Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibodies

Overview of the Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibodies. Let us find out difference between antibiotics and antibodies to know more about Antibody and Antibiotic.

Difference Between: Antibiotic

1. The chemical structure of antibiotic is different from antibody or antibodies.
2. Antibiotics are either synthetic or  produced from plants or other microorganisms,  and they are purified to prevent infection caused by bacteria.
3. Antibiotic attacks the cell wall and prevents the cellular functions of the bacteria.
4. Antibiotic are like medicines that kills other bad cells in the body.
5. Example ampicillin, penicillin.

Difference Between: Antibodies

1. The chemical structure of antibodies of antibody is made up op two large protein chains called heavy chains and two small protein chains called light chains which are bound to each other.
2. Antibodies are produced naturally by an immune system in the body.
3. Antibodies binds with the antigen found on the pathogens and prevent infection.
4. Antibodies are like cells that kills other bad cells in the body.
5. Example IgA, IgG etc
6. Antibodies are also knows as Immunoglobulins.
7. Antibodies are produced from white blood cells.

These are some of the points on Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibodies.

Difference Between Antibiotics and Antiseptics

Overview of Difference Between Antibiotics and Antiseptics. Let us check it out difference between antibiotics and antiseptics to know more about Antibiotics and Antiseptics.

Difference between: Antibiotics

1. Antibiotics are the chemical substances which prevent growth and development of microorganisms by killing them.
2. Antibiotics are effective only against bacteria.
3. Antibiotics may be applied internally as well as externally.
4. During surgical procedure to prevent infections, antibiotics are usually applied.
5. Examples of antibiotics: penicillin, neomycin, streptomycin etc.

Difference Between: Antiseptics

1. Antiseptics also prevents the growth and development of microorganisms but not necessarily kills them.
2. Antiseptics are effective against wide range of microorganisms.
3. Antiseptics are applied externally.
4. Antiseptics are generally applied on skin and wound surface for cleaning purpose and prevents further growth of microorganisms. 
5. Examples of antiseptics: Hydrogen Peroxide, Alcohol etc.,

These are some of the points on difference between antibiotics and antiseptic.