ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTOMETRY IN CHEMISTRY

Conductometry: Let us discuss advantages and disadvantages of Conductometry. This method is also called as conductometric titration method. Types, mobility, concentration of ions and temperature affects the electrochemical conductivity

Some of the advantages of conductometry are as follows:

1. In this method as coductance  is measured by conductivity meter , indicator is not required.
2. Conductometric titration works for coloured solution.
3. Accurate results can be obtained by conductometry.
4. It is suitable for both weak base as well as weak acid.
5. This method is also suitable for turbid solution.

Some of the disadvantages of conductometry are as follows:

1. Sometimes the salt level increases in the solution which masks the conductivity and do not gives accurate result.
2. Sometimes high concentration of ions masks the conductivity and hence do not give accurate results.

Applications of Conductometry

Some applications of conductometry are discussed here, conductometry in analytical chemistry is used to measure the progress of chemical reactions. Conductometric titration is carried out in order to measure the  electrical conductivity of the reaction mixture. This type of titration gives a sharp end point for the colored solution.

• This type of titration is used to check water pollution in lakes as well as rivers.
• It is also used to check the alkalinity of the fresh water
• Salinity of the sea water can also be checked by this method.
• It is also used to trace antibiotics.
• Used for tracing microorganism in food microbiology
• To check the solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
• Purity of distilled water and de ionised water can determined.

Vitamin C: Seven Advantages of Vitamin C

Some important Vitamin C points

Wednesday, 25 June, 2014

Seven Advantages of Vitamin C

Vitamin C has significant advantages over others and is very helpful to cure disease and to keep body healthy.

The Advantages of Vitamin C are:

1. Vitamin C in skin protection
Vitamin C protects the skin from free radicals which can be generated during exposure of sunlight. The antioxidant present in Vitamin C protects the body skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation during sunlight exposure.
2. Vitamin C to loose fat
One of the most significant advantages of Vitamin C is it reduces body fat , vitamin C obtained from fruits are very useful to loose body fat. Doctors says that As Vitamin C lowers the insulin so instead of storing sugars into body and converting into body fat , it uses it as a fuel to reduce fat in the body.
3. Vitamin C in hair loss
Vitamin C keeps free radical away which may generate during food intake. The antioxidant property of Vitamin C removes free radical which may cause damage to hair by making it rough, brittle etc and ultimately prevents hair loss.
4. Vitamin C in common cold
Vitamin C controls the common cold and reduces the severity of the symptoms which are caused by the common cold. Vitamin C also controls the allergy caused by cold.
5. Vitamin C dilates blood vessels
Vitamin C also ensure the proper dilation of the blood vessels and keeps a body free diseases such as atherosclerosis, chest pain, high cholesterol, heart pain etc.
6. Vitamin C in healing wounds
Vitamin C helps to heal wounds, It replaces the tissue which are damage and improves healing property, If Vitamin C deficiency is observed then wound will heal slowly
7. Vitamin C makes skin Beautiful
There are tiny blood vessels in the skin which contains oxygen and nutrients, Vitamin C provides enough oxygen and nutrition and keeps the skin healthy and beautiful

Because of the Vitamin C, many disease can be prevented by eating citrus fruits and vegetables, apart from discussed points it has various other applications which keeps body healthy and beautiful.

chromatography: Seven Advantages Of Chromatography

Some important Chromatography points

Wednesday, 25 June 2014

Seven Advantages of Chromatography

Chromatography has significant advantages over other methods that makes it suitable for identification of unknown component from a mixture.

The advantages of Chromatography are:

1. Chromatography is quick method
Chromatography is quick method for the separation of various components from a mixture of  various compounds which are difficult to separate.
2. Chromatography is simple
Chromatography is simple method and even a single person can operate the instrument or an equipment.
3. Chromatography is accurate
One of the most significant advantages of Chromatography is its ability to separate the sample mixture easily and gives accurate results.The ability to separate even complex mixture of compounds effectively, chromatography is widely used method and has applications in various fields.
4. Chromatography is continuous process
Chromatography also supports continuous operation for a large scale batch.This Chromatography method is capable to run the sample at various operating parameters and multiple sample analysis at a time.
5. Chromatography is robust
Robust means reliability. Chromatography puts a lot of emphasis on easy and early detection of given product accurately by checking all possible components, as Chromatography detects wide varieties of samples as a result lots of commercial industries started using it.
6. Chromatography is multithreaded
Multithreaded is the capability for an equipment to perform various task simultaneously within a program.In Chromatography, several operating parameters can be operated smoothly and no any extra efforts are required.
7. Chromatography is secure
Chromatography provides security to an individual with password protection system. The Chromatography equipment, is provided with various password levels among manager, executive and operators.

Because of Chromatography's robustness, easy handling, accurate results, quick results, separation of solid liquid or gaseous samples, it has become popular and widely acceptable method for component separation.

APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

 Biotechnology applications and uses also know as (Biotech) are discussed here. As we know that biotechnology is used in various fields such agriculture , food industry, medicine, pharmaceutical industry and much more. Today various products are prepared using this technology. Various techniques such as genetic engineering, gene therapy , genetic testing are used with the help of biotechnology. Various hybrids of plants, animals, poultry with high nutritional value can be produced with this technique. Various disease can be diagnosed as well as treated with the help of this method So let us discuss different uses of biotechnology one by one.

Applications of Biotechnology

Biotechnology uses in Food industry

Various types of food products are prepared using biotechnology such as bread, beer and wine. Cheese and other products of cheese are also prepared using this technique. It is also used to prepare fruit and vegetables juices.

Biotechnology uses in medicine

Some of important uses are their in medicine using this technology, Various disease can be treated and diagnose with the help of this technique, Genetic information can also be tested in parents and children to treat disease.Various pharmaceutical products are prepared such as hormones, different enzymes or some chemicals can be prepared with this method. Different drugs can be prepared with the help of this method in order to treat disease, Enzyme which is prepared by this method acts as catalyst and in various chemical reactions.

Biotechnology uses in agriculture

Biotechnology also used in agriculture, It helps to produce disease resistant crops which are also tolerance to some herbicides. This technology is also used to produce crops which are resistant from environmental stress such as heat and cold.

Biotechnology uses in environment

Some of the biotechnology technique is also used to keep environmental clean. It helps to produce some useful microorganisms which are used to reduce or break industrial waste and hence keeps the environment clean.

Biotechnology practical uses

It is used in various practical fields which improves the life style of living organisms. It is used in agriculture, environment, and also useful for various plants and animals. It also helps to keep the living organisms disease resistant.

Other Articles:

• Plant Tissue Culture
• Polymers
• Gas Chromatography
• TLC
• Flame photometry

These are some of the uses of Biotech which are discussed here so find other other articles on these blog to know more about about biotechnology.

Applications of Biotechnology in agriculture

Applications of biotechnology in agriculture: There are many uses of biotechnology in various fields such as medicine, food industry, pharmaceutical industry and more. Out of this, It also plays in important role in agriculture. So let us check it out some of the applications of biotechnology in agriculture which are as follows.

1. Diseases resistant crops can be made using biotechnology.
2. Plant which are grown using biotechnology are used in production of various biopharmaceuticals to treat various disease.
3. Plants are also used to create antibiotics which can be used for both animals and humans.
4. Plants can be made which are resistant to various environmental stresses such as cold, heat or drought.
5. Improves yield of crops by introducing various genes which are resistant to insects and are tolerance to herbicides.
6. Nutritional value of plants can be increased by biotechnology.

Other useful article: Applications of Biotechnology

Practical Applications of Biotechnology

Practical applications of biotechnology, There are many uses of biotechnology which are used in various different fields such as agriculture, medicine, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, etc. Biotechnology is widely growing field now a days, so let us check is out some of the practical applications of biotechnology which are as follows.

1. Bio processing technology in which using whole cells or the part of cells or the component of cells desired products can be made.
2. An example of whole cell such as yeast or bacteria are used to prepare various products.
3. Most components which are used such as enzymes which acts as catalyst and increases chemical reaction.
4. Cells which are isolated from the animals or plants are used to make desired products.
5. Using genetic engineering various information of genes can be studied.
6. Genetic testing is used to detect disease in children or their parents.
7. Agriculture application of biotechnology for better crops and improved animal health.
8. Some medical and the health care applications for vaccines, medicines and new tests. 

Recommended Article: Applications of Biotechnology

Environmental Applications of Biotechnology

Environmental applications of biotechnology, As we know that now a days biotechnology is widely used in various fields such as agriculture, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, medicine and much more. Out of this biotechnology also plays an important role to protect environment. Some of the environmental applications of biotechnology are as follows.

1. Biotechnology produces enzymes which is used in laundry detergents.
2. Genetically modified microorganisms are made using biotechnology which are used to break industrial waste.
3. It improves manufacturing of products and reduces the waste products.
4. Biotechnology develops bio degradable products.

Other article: Applications of biotechnology

Applications of Biotechnology in Food Industry

Applications of biotechnology in food industry: It is used in various fields such as medicine, pharmaceutical industry, agriculture etc., Biotechnology also plays an important role in food industry. So let us check it out some of the application of biotechnology in food industry which are as follows.

1. Use of yeast is industries which can be used for production or preparation of alcohol which is the first product made by using biotechnology.
2. Wine can be prepared by using biotechnology.
3. Fruit and vegetable juices can be prepared by biotechnology.
4. Biotechnology can be used to prepare cheese and other cheese products.
5. Biotechnology can be used to prepare bread.

Also visit: Applications of Biotechnology

Applications of Biotechnology in medicine

Applications of Biotechnology in medicine: As we know that biotechnology plays a very important role in various fields such as agriculture, food industry etc., In medicine also biotechnology is widely used, Different types of diseases can be diagnosed by biotechnology. Some of the applications of biotechnology in medicine are as follows.

1. Gene therapy is one of the application of biotechnology which is used to diagnose and treat diseases like cancer and Parkinson.
2.  Through various genetically modified animals and plant scientist are trying to make various Biopharmaceuticals to treat various disease.
3. Pharmacogenomics is one of the applications in which the genetic information of an individual is studied. Using this genetic information the behavior of certain drugs on body can be studied. So that according to the genetic information favorable drugs can be prepared.
4. Genetic testing is also an important application in which the genetic disease in children and parents can be identified.
5. Many hormones , chemicals and enzymes for pharmaceuticals industries are produced using biotechnology.
6. The gene of interest can be introduced into the body using genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
7. With the help of biotechnology various antibiotics are developed and are used.
8. Production of vaccines for animals and humans.

Recommended article: Applications of Biotechnology

Applications of Biotechnology

The Applications of Biotechnology are discussed here which  is applied in various fields now a days such as agriculture, medicine, Food industry, Pharmaceutical industries etc, Let us define what is biotechnology. With the help of genetic engineering (Biotechnology) using various living organism or their parts or components , different types of products which are used at commercial level are made. Such as Crops which are pest resistant, hybrid animals with high nutritional value are made with the help of biotechnology.. Some of the applications of biotechnology are as follows.

1. Biotechnology can be used to grow better crops, hybrid crops can be made which gives high yield and disease resistant.
2. Value added product of plants or crops can be made with the help of biotechnology.
3. Crops yield can be improved by introducing specific genes into the plants using biotechnology, this genes are resistant to insects, resistant to environmental stress such as (heat, cold, drought) and tolerance to herbicides.
4. Tolerance from virus can be done with biotechnology.
5. Genetically engineered poultry can be done with biotechnology.
6. Genetically engineered plants can be grown.
7. Some of the genetically engineered microorganism can be made which can be used as pesticides.
8. Genetically engineered insects can be made which are used in agriculture.
9. Nutritional value in plant can be improved with this technology.
10. Productivity of crops can be improved with biotechnology.
11. Gene therapy is also available which is used in diagnosis of Parkinson and Cancer disease.
12. Using genetic testing we can study if there is any disease in children or parents.
13. Biotechnology is used in making beer.
14. Biotechnology is used in making bread.
15. Biotechnology is used in making fruit and vegetable juices.
16. Biotechnology is used in making cheese and other cheese products.
17. Various enzymes can be made which are used as catalyst in various chemical reaction.

These are some of the applications of biotechnology which are used directly of indirectly to improve lifestyle or health of living organisms.

Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy

Basic principle of FTIR Spectroscopy are as follows:-

• FTIR spectroscopy is used to identify the functional group which is present in certain molecules.
• FTIR is one of the widely used method which is also know as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
• In this method of infrared spectroscopy , radiation (Infra red) is passed through the sample.
• Some of the radiation is absorbed by the sample while some of the radiation is transmitted.
• Now spectrum which is produced , represents molecular transmission and molecular absorption creating molecular fingerprint of a sample.
• The fingerprint region is unique for also samples, no two samples have same fingerprint region.
• The fingerprint region shows different absorption peaks with different vibration frequency between bonds of an atoms in the sample.
• Hence with this property unique molecule can be identified.

Please visit other articles on this blog to know more about this topic:

Recommended Articles : Advantages and disadvantages of FTIR 

Some more information about: What is FTIR    

Advantages and Disadvantages of FTIR Spectroscopy

Advantages of FTIR are:-

• FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is highly sensitive and quick method to achieve high quality spectrum.
• This spectroscopy gives better signal to noise ratio compared to the dispersive instrument.
• With FTIR, spectrum can be obtained very quickly and saves time.
• Gases, solids as well as liquid can be analysed with FTIR.
• By using FTIR no external calibration is required and gives accurate results.
• FTIR is non-destructive technique.
• Organic compounds and Inorganic compounds can be identified easily using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
• Mechanical breakdown is less compared to other instruments because the mirror which is attached in the interferometer is the only moving part in FTIR.
• Simultaneous analysis can be done for multiple gaseous compounds.
• FTIR can identify even small concentrations of contaminants.
• FTIR has a laser beam which keeps the FTIR instrument accurately calibrated.
• It generally completes a scans within 1 to 2 seconds.
• High resolution.

Disadvantages of FTIR are:-

• FTIR instrument have only single beam while , dispersive instrument generally have a double beam.

To know more about this topic please visit other articles on this blog:
Recommended article: What is FTIR

Some Uses of chromatography in Industries

Let us see some of the Uses of Chromatography in Different industries. There are different types of chromatographic methods which are used to separate  and identify the components present in a mixture. Chromatography methods such High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Thin layer chromatography, Paper Chromatography, Liquid chromatography, Solid Chromatography and Gas chromatography. The list of the uses of chromatography are as follows:

Some of the uses of chromatography in different industries are:-

1. Chromatography is used in pharmaceutical industries to identify and separate drug products at various stages.
2. Chromatography is used in food industry to identify additives present in the food product.
3. In petroleum and petrochemical industries chromatography is also used.
4. Chromatography is used to identify fats, oils, vitamins, steroids and alkaloids.
5. Chromatography is used to identify pesticides and fungicides.
6. It can also be used in cosmetic industry.
7. Chromatography is used to identify radioactive isotopes.
8. Chromatography is used to identify toxins present in environment.

Related articles:

• High performance liquid chromatography
• Different uses of chromatography

What are uses of chromatography in crime investigation

There are many uses of chromatography in crime investigation so let us check it out one by one. As we know that chromatography is the method of separation of components from a mixture based on the chemical properties, the samples which are collected at the spot of crime are sent to forensic department , and are detected using chromatography technique which directly or indirectly helps to find the person who has committed crime. So let us check it out some of the uses of chromatography which are as follows.

Uses of chromatography in crime investigation are:-

1. Blood sample can be detected by using chromatography.
2. Chemical sample which is found at the crime spot can also be identified  by the use of chromatography.
3. Sample mixture of gas as well as liquid or solid can by identified by various methods such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, solid chromatography or thin layer chromatography.
4. Forensic department takes item from the seen and by use of chromatography they match the DNA in records and if matched then criminal can be identified.

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• Thin layer Chromatography
• Different uses of chromatography
• Gas chromatography

What are USES of Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Industry?

There are many uses of chromatography in pharmaceutical industries, As we know that chromatography is a method used to separate various components present in a mixture based on the chemical properties of a mixture. Various types of chromatography are used in pharmaceutical industry such as Gas chromatography (GC), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Thin layer chromatography and solid chromataography. There are many advance chromatographic methods in pharma industry such as combination solid liquid chromatography, liquid liquid chromatography, head space analyzer and so on. So let us check it out some of the uses of chromatography in pharma industry one by one.

Uses of chromatography in pharmaceutical industry are:-

1. Chromatography is used in research and development in preparing medicine.
2. Chromatography is used in analytical laboratory.
3. Different chromatography methods such as HPLC, GC are used in various stages in drug production in pharma industry.
4. Quality control and R&D department uses chromatography methods.
5. During new drug molecule development chromatography is used.
6. During testing of various chemicals on animals chromatography is used.

Related articles:-

• Different uses of chromatography
• High performance liquid chromatography
• Column Chromatography

DIFFERENT USES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

Uses of Chromatography are listed here, So before going into detail let us check it out  principle of chromatography. The main use of chromatography  is to separate and to identify the components present in the mixture. There are different types of chromatography such as gas chromatography, paper chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas liquid chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. There are two phases in all types of chromatography, one is stationary phase and other is mobile phase. Now chromatography works on the principle of partition, here the compounds with high affinity with mobile phase will travel further and separated first. There are many uses of chromatography in our day to day life , so let us check  it out one by one.

Some of the uses of chromatography are:-

1. Chromatography is used in medicine.
2. Use of the chromatography in analytical laboratory.
3. Use of chromatography in pharmaceutical industry.
4. Chromatography is also used in food industry.
5. Out of many uses of chromatography it is also used in forensic science.
6. Chromatography is also used in daily life or everyday life.
7. Chromatography  is used in crime investigations.
8. Alcohol level  in patient can also be detected using chromatography in hospitals.
9. Some environmental agencies also uses chromatography in detecting pollutants.
10. Chromatography is also used to purify water.
11. In food industry chromatography is used to identify additives.
12. In pharmaceutical industry at various stages drugs which are made are checked by different chromatography methods.
13. Oils, fats, vitamins, alkaloids, steroids are identified with the help  of chromatography.
14. Blood samples are checked with the help of chromatography.
15. Chromatography also plays an important role in cosmetic industry.
16. Pesticides and fungicides are also checked by chromatography.

Some of the related questions are also explained such as , What are uses of chromatography in crime investigation or forensic science , or What are Uses of Chromatography in pharmaceutical industry as well as Some of the uses of chromatography in industries, So find out other articles on this blog.

4 Different types of Dissolution Apparatus As Per USP

Let us see some of the types of dissolution apparatus as per USP. But before knowing that let us check it out what is dissolution apparatus. It is used to test dissolution profile of drugs in pharmaceutical industry, drug release profile of oral solid dosage form such as capsules, tablets etc which  is generally checked for quality control and to assess batch to batch consistency.There are four different types of dissolution apparatus as per USP which are as follows.

Four different types of dissolution apparatus as per USP are as follows:-

1. Basket type - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 1
2. Paddle type - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 2
3. Reciprocating Cylinder - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 3
4. Flow Through Cell - USP Dissolution apparatus - Type 4

These are the four main types of dissolution apparatus as per USP among all type 2 is widely used. TO know other types of dissolution apparatus such as per USP, IP, BP etc please visit other articles on Dissolution apparatus.

5 different Types of Air Pollution

Let us see some of the types of air pollution. But before knowing that let us check it out definition of pollution. As we all know that pollution is as unwanted material or something which is added to the environment which causes harmful effect on human beings, animals or all living organism. There are five different types of air pollution which are classified and listed below.

Five different varieties or types of air pollution are as follows:

1. Industrial air pollution which may arise from thermal power plants, food industry, pesticides, fertilizers and pharmaceutical industry. Due to cement, steel, paper or sugar industry. Air also pollutes due to textile related industries or due to atomic units.
2. Transportation causes pollution in which vehicles liberates smoke and pollutes surroundings, it may due to all forms of terrestrial transport, urban transport or due to other modes of transport.
3. Accidental air pollution which may arise due to fires in forests, by accidents of petroleum carrying vehicles or may be due to leakage or a blast in certain industries.
4. Smog formation, pollution may arise, in which smoke from different industries released in to the environment and then mixes with the fog present in air which is known as Smog.
5. Pollution by Green house effect in which several important gases are released and combine with air, which rises upward and combine with the atmosphere and return back to the earth and destroy crops, human lives, animals ,plants and livestock etc. 

These are some of the main types of air pollution which are well known. There are other types of pollution such as Water pollution, Soil pollution and much more. please check other articles on this blog.

What is Analytical Method Validation Definition