Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate and identify components of a mixture. It is commonly used in organic chemistry to identify unknown compounds. In TLC, a stationary phase (such as a glass or plastic plate) is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. When the mixture is applied to the plate, the different components of the mixture separate based on their relative affinities for the stationary phase. By comparing the positions of the components on the plate to standards, it is possible to identify the components in the mixture.
Friday 16 December 2022
Why did the liposomes fluoresce during size-exclusion chromatography?
Liposomes fluoresce during size-exclusion chromatography because they contain fluorescent compounds. These fluorescent compounds are often incorporated into the liposomes during the manufacturing process in order to provide a way to track the size of the liposomes as they pass through the chromatography column. The fluorescent compounds can be detected by a detector, which then provides information about the size of the liposomes.
Monday 30 May 2022
What is the role of producer top management and QAS towards quality assurance in BRD?
The role of producer top management and QAS towards quality assurance in BRD is to establish a clear quality assurance policy and objectives. They should also ensure that adequate resources are allocated to quality assurance activities and that these activities are carried out in a systematic and planned manner. Furthermore, they should monitor the effectiveness of quality assurance activities and take corrective action where necessary.
What questions are asked by managers of pharmaceutical companies of their quality assurance people?
1. What quality assurance procedures does your company have in place?
2. How do you ensure that your products meet quality standards?
3. What are your procedures for investigating quality issues?
4. What quality metrics do you track?
5. How does your company handle non-conforming products?
6. What corrective and preventative actions have you taken in response to quality issues?
7. What trends are you seeing in your quality data?
8. How has your quality management system evolved over time?
9. What challenges do you face in maintaining quality standards?
10. What role do quality assurance personnel play in your company's operations?
Tuesday 10 March 2015
Full Form of API in Pharma Industry
FULL FORM OF API
- Answer:
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
Sunday 8 February 2015
Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibacterial
Difference Between: Antibiotics
- Antibiotics is the broad term, broader range of antimicrobial compounds which acts on bacteria, fungi and other compounds.
- Certain Antibiotics may also kills bacteria, Fungi and other parasites.
- Antibiotics is a chemical substance which kills and prevents the growth of the microorganisms by affecting the cell wall and cell structure of bacteria or fungi.
Difference Between: Antibacterial
- Antibacterial is a types of antibiotics.
- Chemical substances or anything that kills bacteria or prevents the growth of bacteria can be considered as antibacterial.
- All antibacterials are antibiotics but not all antibiotics are antibacterials.
Friday 6 February 2015
Difference Between Antibiotics and Antibodies
Difference Between: Antibiotic
- The chemical structure of antibiotic is different from antibody or antibodies.
- Antibiotics are either synthetic or produced from plants or other microorganisms, and they are purified to prevent infection caused by bacteria.
- Antibiotic attacks the cell wall and prevents the cellular functions of the bacteria.
- Antibiotic are like medicines that kills other bad cells in the body.
- Example ampicillin, penicillin.
Difference Between: Antibodies
- The chemical structure of antibodies of antibody is made up op two large protein chains called heavy chains and two small protein chains called light chains which are bound to each other.
- Antibodies are produced naturally by an immune system in the body.
- Antibodies binds with the antigen found on the pathogens and prevent infection.
- Antibodies are like cells that kills other bad cells in the body.
- Example IgA, IgG etc
- Antibodies are also knows as Immunoglobulins.
- Antibodies are produced from white blood cells.
Difference Between Antibiotics and Antiseptics
Difference between: Antibiotics
- Antibiotics are the chemical substances which prevent growth and development of microorganisms by killing them.
- Antibiotics are effective only against bacteria.
- Antibiotics may be applied internally as well as externally.
- During surgical procedure to prevent infections, antibiotics are usually applied.
- Examples of antibiotics: penicillin, neomycin, streptomycin etc.
Difference Between: Antiseptics
- Antiseptics also prevents the growth and development of microorganisms but not necessarily kills them.
- Antiseptics are effective against wide range of microorganisms.
- Antiseptics are applied externally.
- Antiseptics are generally applied on skin and wound surface for cleaning purpose and prevents further growth of microorganisms.
- Examples of antiseptics: Hydrogen Peroxide, Alcohol etc.,
Thursday 26 June 2014
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTOMETRY IN CHEMISTRY
Some of the advantages of conductometry are as follows:
- In this method as coductance is measured by conductivity meter , indicator is not required.
- Conductometric titration works for coloured solution.
- Accurate results can be obtained by conductometry.
- It is suitable for both weak base as well as weak acid.
- This method is also suitable for turbid solution.
Some of the disadvantages of conductometry are as follows:
- Sometimes the salt level increases in the solution which masks the conductivity and do not gives accurate result.
- Sometimes high concentration of ions masks the conductivity and hence do not give accurate results.
Applications of Conductometry
- This type of titration is used to check water pollution in lakes as well as rivers.
- It is also used to check the alkalinity of the fresh water
- Salinity of the sea water can also be checked by this method.
- It is also used to trace antibiotics.
- Used for tracing microorganism in food microbiology
- To check the solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
- Purity of distilled water and de ionised water can determined.
Wednesday 25 June 2014
Vitamin C: Seven Advantages of Vitamin C
Wednesday, 25 June, 2014
Seven Advantages of Vitamin C
Vitamin C has significant advantages over others and is very helpful to cure disease and to keep body healthy.The Advantages of Vitamin C are:
- Vitamin C in skin protection Vitamin C protects the skin from free radicals which can be generated during exposure of sunlight. The antioxidant present in Vitamin C protects the body skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation during sunlight exposure.
- Vitamin C to loose fat One of the most significant advantages of Vitamin C is it reduces body fat , vitamin C obtained from fruits are very useful to loose body fat. Doctors says that As Vitamin C lowers the insulin so instead of storing sugars into body and converting into body fat , it uses it as a fuel to reduce fat in the body.
- Vitamin C in hair loss Vitamin C keeps free radical away which may generate during food intake. The antioxidant property of Vitamin C removes free radical which may cause damage to hair by making it rough, brittle etc and ultimately prevents hair loss.
- Vitamin C in common cold Vitamin C controls the common cold and reduces the severity of the symptoms which are caused by the common cold. Vitamin C also controls the allergy caused by cold.
- Vitamin C dilates blood vessels Vitamin C also ensure the proper dilation of the blood vessels and keeps a body free diseases such as atherosclerosis, chest pain, high cholesterol, heart pain etc.
- Vitamin C in healing wounds Vitamin C helps to heal wounds, It replaces the tissue which are damage and improves healing property, If Vitamin C deficiency is observed then wound will heal slowly
- Vitamin C makes skin Beautiful There are tiny blood vessels in the skin which contains oxygen and nutrients, Vitamin C provides enough oxygen and nutrition and keeps the skin healthy and beautiful
chromatography: Seven Advantages Of Chromatography
Wednesday, 25 June 2014
Seven Advantages of Chromatography
Chromatography has significant advantages over other methods that makes it suitable for identification of unknown component from a mixture.The advantages of Chromatography are:
- Chromatography is quick method Chromatography is quick method for the separation of various components from a mixture of various compounds which are difficult to separate.
- Chromatography is simple Chromatography is simple method and even a single person can operate the instrument or an equipment.
- Chromatography is accurate One of the most significant advantages of Chromatography is its ability to separate the sample mixture easily and gives accurate results.The ability to separate even complex mixture of compounds effectively, chromatography is widely used method and has applications in various fields.
- Chromatography is continuous process Chromatography also supports continuous operation for a large scale batch.This Chromatography method is capable to run the sample at various operating parameters and multiple sample analysis at a time.
- Chromatography is robust Robust means reliability. Chromatography puts a lot of emphasis on easy and early detection of given product accurately by checking all possible components, as Chromatography detects wide varieties of samples as a result lots of commercial industries started using it.
- Chromatography is multithreaded Multithreaded is the capability for an equipment to perform various task simultaneously within a program.In Chromatography, several operating parameters can be operated smoothly and no any extra efforts are required.
- Chromatography is secure Chromatography provides security to an individual with password protection system. The Chromatography equipment, is provided with various password levels among manager, executive and operators.
Tuesday 24 June 2014
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Applications of Biotechnology |
Biotechnology uses in Food industry
Various types of food products are prepared using biotechnology such as bread, beer and wine. Cheese and other products of cheese are also prepared using this technique. It is also used to prepare fruit and vegetables juices.Biotechnology uses in medicine
Some of important uses are their in medicine using this technology, Various disease can be treated and diagnose with the help of this technique, Genetic information can also be tested in parents and children to treat disease.Various pharmaceutical products are prepared such as hormones, different enzymes or some chemicals can be prepared with this method. Different drugs can be prepared with the help of this method in order to treat disease, Enzyme which is prepared by this method acts as catalyst and in various chemical reactions.Biotechnology uses in agriculture
Biotechnology also used in agriculture, It helps to produce disease resistant crops which are also tolerance to some herbicides. This technology is also used to produce crops which are resistant from environmental stress such as heat and cold.Biotechnology uses in environment
Some of the biotechnology technique is also used to keep environmental clean. It helps to produce some useful microorganisms which are used to reduce or break industrial waste and hence keeps the environment clean.Biotechnology practical uses
It is used in various practical fields which improves the life style of living organisms. It is used in agriculture, environment, and also useful for various plants and animals. It also helps to keep the living organisms disease resistant.Other Articles:
Applications of Biotechnology in agriculture
- Diseases resistant crops can be made using biotechnology.
- Plant which are grown using biotechnology are used in production of various biopharmaceuticals to treat various disease.
- Plants are also used to create antibiotics which can be used for both animals and humans.
- Plants can be made which are resistant to various environmental stresses such as cold, heat or drought.
- Improves yield of crops by introducing various genes which are resistant to insects and are tolerance to herbicides.
- Nutritional value of plants can be increased by biotechnology.
Practical Applications of Biotechnology
- Bio processing technology in which using whole cells or the part of cells or the component of cells desired products can be made.
- An example of whole cell such as yeast or bacteria are used to prepare various products.
- Most components which are used such as enzymes which acts as catalyst and increases chemical reaction.
- Cells which are isolated from the animals or plants are used to make desired products.
- Using genetic engineering various information of genes can be studied.
- Genetic testing is used to detect disease in children or their parents.
- Agriculture application of biotechnology for better crops and improved animal health.
- Some medical and the health care applications for vaccines, medicines and new tests.
Environmental Applications of Biotechnology
- Biotechnology produces enzymes which is used in laundry detergents.
- Genetically modified microorganisms are made using biotechnology which are used to break industrial waste.
- It improves manufacturing of products and reduces the waste products.
- Biotechnology develops bio degradable products.
Applications of Biotechnology in Food Industry
- Use of yeast is industries which can be used for production or preparation of alcohol which is the first product made by using biotechnology.
- Wine can be prepared by using biotechnology.
- Fruit and vegetable juices can be prepared by biotechnology.
- Biotechnology can be used to prepare cheese and other cheese products.
- Biotechnology can be used to prepare bread.
Applications of Biotechnology in medicine
- Gene therapy is one of the application of biotechnology which is used to diagnose and treat diseases like cancer and Parkinson.
- Through various genetically modified animals and plant scientist are trying to make various Biopharmaceuticals to treat various disease.
- Pharmacogenomics is one of the applications in which the genetic information of an individual is studied. Using this genetic information the behavior of certain drugs on body can be studied. So that according to the genetic information favorable drugs can be prepared.
- Genetic testing is also an important application in which the genetic disease in children and parents can be identified.
- Many hormones , chemicals and enzymes for pharmaceuticals industries are produced using biotechnology.
- The gene of interest can be introduced into the body using genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
- With the help of biotechnology various antibiotics are developed and are used.
- Production of vaccines for animals and humans.
Applications of Biotechnology
- Biotechnology can be used to grow better crops, hybrid crops can be made which gives high yield and disease resistant.
- Value added product of plants or crops can be made with the help of biotechnology.
- Crops yield can be improved by introducing specific genes into the plants using biotechnology, this genes are resistant to insects, resistant to environmental stress such as (heat, cold, drought) and tolerance to herbicides.
- Tolerance from virus can be done with biotechnology.
- Genetically engineered poultry can be done with biotechnology.
- Genetically engineered plants can be grown.
- Some of the genetically engineered microorganism can be made which can be used as pesticides.
- Genetically engineered insects can be made which are used in agriculture.
- Nutritional value in plant can be improved with this technology.
- Productivity of crops can be improved with biotechnology.
- Gene therapy is also available which is used in diagnosis of Parkinson and Cancer disease.
- Using genetic testing we can study if there is any disease in children or parents.
- Biotechnology is used in making beer.
- Biotechnology is used in making bread.
- Biotechnology is used in making fruit and vegetable juices.
- Biotechnology is used in making cheese and other cheese products.
- Various enzymes can be made which are used as catalyst in various chemical reaction.
Monday 23 June 2014
Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy
Basic principle of FTIR Spectroscopy are as follows:-
- FTIR spectroscopy is used to identify the functional group which is present in certain molecules.
- FTIR is one of the widely used method which is also know as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
- In this method of infrared spectroscopy , radiation (Infra red) is passed through the sample.
- Some of the radiation is absorbed by the sample while some of the radiation is transmitted.
- Now spectrum which is produced , represents molecular transmission and molecular absorption creating molecular fingerprint of a sample.
- The fingerprint region is unique for also samples, no two samples have same fingerprint region.
- The fingerprint region shows different absorption peaks with different vibration frequency between bonds of an atoms in the sample.
- Hence with this property unique molecule can be identified.
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